The new Euphemism for Poop: A Waste Sausage, Fly Bait, the Choco-Cheeto, and small brown spawn. 

“We have to help people by scolding people to help themselves.” – Ted Nugent

          Klayton says ‘boo’ about this quote. This quote is sited from the show Andy Cooper 360 Degrees in an argument between Ted Nugent and Roseanne Barr, Presidential Candidate for the Party for Liberation and Socialism, on government tax policies. Ted Nugent’s whole point in the argument is that those on welfare and those receiving government financial assistance are lazy and taking advantage of the system and those who are a part of the labor force. Though this may be true in some cases, there are those who have disabilities (physical and mental), who work but cannot make enough to sustain their selves and their families, and those that are unable to compete for employment in this economy because of incrimination and other factors. The slant in Ted Nugent’s point is that he is not looking at the big picture and only focusing on the case of one group of people. Likewise, Roseanne Barr, also in arguing with Ted, has a slant because she is not looking at the people taking advantage of the system.    

            Context is the next step in language development. It is the reason why the there are over sixteen different ways, in Arabic, to say the word love. If we didn’t have context, every sentence would be meaningless to us. The definition of Context, according to Hayakawa, is the deeper meaning of a word revealed to us from either the rest of the sentence, the tone of the sentence, the rhythm of the sentence, or the physical and mental situation in which the sentence was posed.

            Realistic Hypotheticals sounds like, from the context of the question and from the passage itself, they are simply real world examples. Hayakawa sprinkles real life examples about Englishwomen, conversations about oboes, personal commuters and the US Justice system to explain context and the different kinds of context.

            Connotation, the different meanings and attitudes of the same word, can be either informative, affective, tabooitive, or judgmental. Informative connotations tell you what a word can mean in a given sentence and also a word’s literal definition. When a word is said that makes you feel an emotion, this emotion is an example of affective connotation. Tabooitive (not a real word, but it is in my heart) Connotations refer to the words we are not supposed to use in society unless we are to be explicit (“Swears”). Lastly, Judgmental Connotation come with words that already have an informative connotation along with a affective connotation that is commonly felt among most of society. 

Klayton has learned the seven deadly sins of writing today. College English Professors are upset to learn of the miseducation and retched writing techniques of America’s middle schoolers and high schoolers and are making a stand to combat their ignorance. A teacher, being stoned with the irksome task of reeducating the youth, has constructed a list of don’t-does that harshly point out our flaws. They are as follows: Empty writing, sentences that contain no information; Cliché, common expressions that have lost their meaning; Platitude punishment, expressions that sound nice but are common knowledge and surface level; Unnecessary facts (self explanatory); Over-generalization, looking at a subject too broadly; Subjectivities and dogmatism, sentences using phrases like ‘I wish’; and lastly, big words for no reason (self explanatory). Hopefully, our generation will move forward in this reformation and learn from our mistakes by using this desperate teacher’s list.

Serial Comma (Oxford Comma)- a comma used to separate a group of words. EX: Rigged, stretched, and white. EX2: Peanuts, raisins, or dried bananas. 

Klayton’s Rule For AP English: If one thing is true, then the opposite is equally as true. Therefore everything is disputable and can be made into an argument or a thesis.

I also looked up octopi and I think they are amazing!

What Makes Us Human in the Eyes of Hayakawa?

            The first thing that Hayakawa thinks makes us human is our ability to tap into other human’s nervous systems using sounds and literature. Because of this we were able to build onto previous knowledge, survive in difficult situations, and evolve into advanced society with urban centers and the whole nine-yards.
            The second thing that makes us human is our ability to read, interpret, and create symbols. We have symbols for all aspects of life; a life without symbols in this day of age would impossible. The human ability to make sense of symbols is the most important characteristic of our human identity. No other animal (besides octopi) can look at a map and visualize the territory or see a red light and decide where to stop.
            The Last thing that makes human is our ability to analyze data and make inferences and judgments from it. Most other species of animals probably cannot make judgments about things or have informed opinions about the things around them. Basically arguing is the last thing that makes us human.

            (I Personally think it is our bipedal gait that makes us human. Walking on two feet caused chemical changes in our heads, a transformation to a scavenger lifestyle that involved tool making and advanced thinking, and other physical changes that made it possible to communicate with sounds, to use symbolism, and to analyze data.)

Chapter 2  

What are maps and territories? Maps are a representation of a real thing, a symbol. Maps can be transformed to fit a particular need or function. They are man made and are interpreted by the human. Territories are the reality that maps are trying to represent. The map would be the drawing of the fire and the territory would be the real fire.

Chapter 3 What does slanting do to reports, inferences, and judgments?  What happens to the "original story"?   Slanting makes reports, inferences, and judgments bias. Slanting is basically lying without actually lying; giving only evidence that supports your claim, making the story more opinionated than a report. The “original story” becomes distorted to fit the person’s beliefs about the story.

How does the author use of real-life examples? The author uses real-life examples to explain the difference between judgment and reports. He uses the example of the witness and the Defense-Attorney, and the story of Jack having the keys as an example of how judgments are unreliable and need to be justified. He also uses his experience to explain how some things are truly widely indisputable by talking about measures and numbers.  

What is it that humans get for nothing?
    Humans are the only species on earth that have the ability to communicate using words and literature. Humans have the power to tap into each-others nervous system just by making a few clicks and vibrations.   Books make it for we get the knowledge of almost anything for nothing. By reading a few scribbles we are able to learn about our history, our previous faults, our advancements, and our innermost feelings. Human nature and our ability to take in large quantities of information, remember it, and apply it is also something that we get from nothing.

What type of metaphors does the author use for language phenomena?
    "The Niagara of Words" is a metaphor used to explain the wide proportions in which words influence our lives.  Words are taken for granted but will always be pivotal to our existence and essential to our daily functioning.
    "The Pooling of Knowledge" is a metaphor for written writing. Ever book is just being compiled into a giant database (pool) that we will always be able to tap into. Each book speaks of new ideas and makes the reader, us, more knowledgeable.
    "Language Cooperation" describes language as a way to work together and get ahead of all the other species and any hurdle in our paths.